Course contents
Lectures. Significance and topics of tectonics. Analytical tools: geologic maps, cross-sections, geophysical
techniques (seismic reflection, gravimetry). Rock deformation and structural levels. Stress and strain:
terminology, representation. Stress: 2D- and 3D-presentation. Strain: Displacement, extension, 2D-strain, pure
shear, simple shear, strain and geological structures. Progressive deformation: en echelon set of veins (tension
gashes), sintaxial and antitaxial growing fibres, pressure shadows. Measuring the strain. Heterogeneous strain,
3D-strain. Folds: terminology, elements of fold style, anatomy, morphology. Structures associated with folding
and their use. The concepts of vergence and polyphase folding. Folding mechanism. Foliations: classification,
development mechanisms, use, relationships with other structures, folding and cleavage, superimposed
foliations. Lineations: structural and mineralogical lineations, relationship with other structures. Faults:
classification on the basis of the relative displacement. Slip on the fault plane and layers offset: possible
differences. Relationships between stress and faults: the Anderson model. Outline of regional fault systems and
related structures: Horst and Graben, half-Graben, domino-style structures, nappes and thrusts, growing faults;
transfer-faults, flower structures, pull-apart basins. Shear zones: geometry, sheat folds, conjugate shear zones,
kinematic indicators, kinematics.
Practicals. Analysis of deformed rock samples. Field survey of tectonic structures.
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