2021/2022

2022/2023

DM270

BIO/09 (PHYSIOLOGY)

DEPARTMENT OF CLINICAL-SURGICAL, DIAGNOSTIC AND PEDIATRIC SCIENCES

SCHOOL OF DENTAL MEDICINE

PERCORSO COMUNE

2°

2nd semester (01/03/2023 - 05/06/2023)

11

88 lesson hours

Italian

ORAL TEST

LAFORENZA UMBERTO (titolare) - 8 ECTS
CANEPARI MONICA - 3 ECTS

To attend and take the Physiology exam it is necessary to have passed the exams of the first year of the course. In particular, it will be appropriate to have excellent knowledge of scientific methodology, chemistry, physics, biology, histology and anatomy, English language.

Physiology studies the vital functions of animals and humans, also in a comparative way. Analyzes how the living organism a) maintains homeostasis of its internal environment at the molecular, cellular and tissue level, in the context of changes in the surrounding environment, and b) the ways in which the body acts on the environment and adapts its behavior.

For this purpose, it provides the quantitative description of the functional state and integrated functions of the body through the study of the mechanisms of transport and communication systems in biological membranes, as well as the specialized functions of individual cells, tissues and systems. From the unity of the functional solutions devised by evolution he formulates the enunciation of physiological laws of a general nature that regulate vital functions. It verifies the validity of these laws in models of maximum complexity by studying, in humans and in other primates, the integrated functioning of the different organs and systems in different conditions, the mechanisms and interrelationships of vegetative functions and the general foundations of endocrinology, the characteristics nutritional values ​​of food and energy expenditure, the neurobiological foundations relating to motor and cognitive behavior and to the interactions between the subject and the environment.

The aim of the course is to provide the knowledge and tools necessary to qualitatively and quantitatively understand and describe the functioning of the various organs of the human body, their dynamic integration in the systems and the control mechanisms of their functions in normal conditions, also with explicit reference. to the physiology of the stomatognathic apparatus.

pressure and volumetric actions of the ventricles, pressure-volume curve
Ventricular filling
Cardiac output: definition, control
Nervous and humoral control of the heart
Heart rate regulation
Homeometric regulation of the aortic impedance, and heterometric regulation of the systolic range
Generalities of the circle
Laws of hydrodynamics
Organization of the systemic circulation: structure and functions of the arterial, arteriolar, capillary and venous sections
Modification in the different sections of the following parameters: pressure, resistance, total area of ​​the cross section, blood velocity
Windkessel effect, blood pressure and its measurement
Venous return
Exchanges at the microcirculation level: characteristics and forces that determine filtration and reabsorption
Vessel caliber control: nervous, hormonal, metabolic, intrinsic
Integrated cardiovascular control
Baroreceptors (aortic and carotid), cardiac receptors (veno-atrial and ventricular chambers)
Cardiovascular reflexes from pressure increase / decrease
Bainbridge effect
OROFACIAL PHYSIOLOGY AND THE STOMATOGNATIC SYSTEM
Mechanoception: generalities, mechanoreceptors, acuity, discrimination threshold
Epicritic and protopathic tactile trigeminal way, somestic areas (cortex)
Mechanoreceptors and motor activity
Mechanoceptive sensitivity of the periodontal ligament
Characteristic of the responses of mechanoreceptors
Coding of the direction and magnitude of the force
Receptive fields and sensory acuity
Functions of mechanoreceptors
Pain of the orofacial territory
Nociceptors, fibers, hyperalgesia and axon reflex and neurogenic inflammation
Central mechanisms of integration: trigeminal pathway and cortical projections
Nociceptive reflex
Modulation of orofacial pain
Pulpodentinal complex
Structure and functional characteristics of dentin and pulp
Innervation, interstitial fluid, odontoblasts
Neurophysiology of the PULPODENTINAL complex
Receptors and signal transduction (hydrodynamic theory)
Thermoception
Human body temperature, THE "CORE - SHELL" MODEL
Thermoreceptors and fibers: low and high threshold
Speed ​​of thermal variations and temperature perception
Thermal sensitivity of the orofacial territory (differences in heat / cold in different regions)
Taste and smell
Anatomical-functional references
Transduction mechanisms and nerve pathways
Taste-saliva interactions
Trigeminal reflexes
General characters and review of neuromuscular spindles
Afferent neurons
Features reflex response
Gamma motor neurons; reflex from discharge
Role of high and low threshold periodontal receptors
Mouth opening reflex
Trigeminal reflexes of mechanoceptive origin

The teaching uses lectures.
Power Point presentations are used for the lectures. The video lessons made available to students in the section dedicated to teaching on the KIRO moodle platform.

Human Physiology textbooks suggested:
- Fisiologia medica - Ganong
- Fisiologia medica - Guyton Hall
- Fisiologia medica - Conti
- Principi di Fisiologia - L. Zocchi- Edises
- Fisiologia - Vander
- Fisiologia umana- Silverthorn

Physiology of the stomatognathic system:
Manzoni D & Scarnati E
Fisiologia Orale e dell’Apparato Stomatognatico
edi-ermes

Verification of learning will take place orally. The evaluation of the test is out of thirty.

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