Course contents
CYTOLOGY AND HISTOLOGY
The cell: plasmalemma, cytoplasm, nucleus, membranous and nonmembranous organelles and their functions; intercellular attachment; cell life cycle.
Function, specialization, distribution and classification of epithelial and connective tissues;
Cortical and cancellous bone biomechanical properties;
Skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle tissues.
Nervous tissue: neurons and glial cells.
ANATOMY:
Anatomical landmarks, regions, directions and planes; body cavities; mucous, serous and synovial membranes; the body wall.
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
Skin: epidermis, dermis and hypodermis.
Accessory structures: hairs, nails and glandular adnexa.
SKELETAL SYSTEM
Hystology and morphofunctional classification of bones and joints.
AXIAL SKELETON
Skull: cranial and facial skeleton. Cranial fossae; Orbital and nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses; Bones associated with the skull: auditory ossicles and hyoid bone.
Cranial joints: sutures, atlo-occipital and temporo-mandibular joint.
Vertebral column: vertebral anatomy and regions; regional differences in vertebral structure and function; spinal curves;
Intervertebral joints and major spine ligaments.
Thoracic cage: Sternum, Ribs;
Sternocostal and costovertebral joints.
APPENDICULAR SKELETON
Shoulder girdle:
Scapula, clavicle and their joints.
Upper limb:
Humerus, radius and ulna; bones of the hand: carpals, metacarpals and phalanges.
Shoulder, elbow, wrist and hand joints.
Pelvic Girdle:
Hip Bones (ileum, ischium and pubes), sacro-iliac joint and pubic symphysis.
Lower Limb:
Femur, patella, tibia, fibula; bones of the foot: tarsus, metatarsus and phalanges;
Hip, knee, ankle and foot joints; foot arches.
SKELETAL MUSCLE SYSTEM
Macro and microscopic anatomy of skeletal muscle; Motor unit; Isotonic and isometric contraction; Aerobic and anaerobic contraction; Slow twitch and fast twitch muscle fibers;
Accessory structures: fascia, synovial bursae and sheaths , fat pads and sesamoid bones.
Muscle morphology and body parts movement: agonist, antagonists and synergists muscles.
Head Muscle: Mimic, oculomotors and mastication muscles.
Superficial and deep musculature of the neck.
Trunk muscles: deep, intermediate and superficial back muscles;
Thoracic cage and abdominal muscles, Diaphragm and respiration muscles.
Shoulder, arm, forearm and hand muscles.
Lower limb muscles: gluteal, thigh, legs and foot muscles.
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
The blood:
Plasma, figurative elements and their funcion; Hematopoietic organs.
Heart:
Macro and microscopic anatomy; pericardium; heart wall layers and fibrous skeleton of the heart; heart chambers, valves and blood flow;
The Conducting system and autonomic cardiac activity regulation; Coronary vessels.
Blood vessels: histological organization of arterial and venous vessels and capillary network.
Pulmonary Circle:
pulmonary arteries and veins.
Systemic Circle
Arterial system:
Aorta and major systhemic arterial vessels.
Venous system:
Superior and inferior cavae veins and their main afferent vessels; Superficial and deep vein networks; Valve systems and active mechanisms to support venous return; Portal circulation.
Lymphatic system:
Main trunks and lymphatic plexuses
Lymphoid tissue, lymph nodes, tonsils
Lymphoid organs: bone marrow, thymus, spleen
The immune system
Mechanisms of hemostasis, inflammation and immune response.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Macroscopic aspects and microscopic structure of the upper and lower respiratory tracts and lungs.
Nose, nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses; Respiratory and olfactory mucous membranes.
Pharynx and Larynx structure: phonation and swallowing mechanisms.
Trachea, bronchi and tracheobronchial tree;
Lungs, pleurae, respiratory muscles action.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Macroscopic and microscopic structure of the gastrointestinal tract and accessory digestive organs.
Organs function in the digestive process: Ingestion, digestion and absorption; Peristalsis and segmentation.
Oral cavity: vestibule, tongue and teeth (tooth structure, shapes and function; occlusion; deciduous and permanent teeth; dental formula).
Pharynx; esophagus; stomach;
Small intestine: duodenum, jejunum, ileum;
Large intestine: cecum, colon (ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid) rectum;
Accessory glands:
major salivary glands (parotid, submandibular and sublingual glands);
Liver, gallbladder and biliary tree; liver blood supply and portal venous system;
Pancreas
URINARY SYSTEM
Macroscopic and microscopic structure of kidney and urinary tracts.
Kidney:
peritoneum, renal fascia and adipose capsule of the kidney;
Medulla and cortex regions, renal pyramid, lobes and lobules;
Nephron: renal corpuscle and tubule,
Vascular system and renal function;
Collecting system: minor and major calyces, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethra.
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
gonads, genital tracts, accessory glands, external genitalia, perineum.
Male and female reproductive system: analogies and morphological and functional differences.
Anatomical structures and spermatogenesis, oogenesis, fertilization and embryonic development processes.
Male reproductive system:
testes: seminiferous and straight tubules, rete testis, efferent ducts
epididymis, deferens and ejaculatory ducts, urethra, spermatic cord, inguinal canal;
Accessory sex glands: seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glans
External genitalia: penis, scrotum.
Female reproductive system:
Ligaments and stabilization of the female reproductive tract in the pelvis; uterovesical and rectouterine pouch.
Ovary: microscopic structure, Ovarian follicles and their developmental stages.
Ovarian cycle: ovulation, follicular and luteal phases; corpus luteum and corpus albicans.
Uterus: macroscopic and microscopic structure; uterine cycle: endometrial changes in menses, proliferative and secretory phases.
Vagina
Female accessory sex glands: paraurethral and greater vestibular glands
External genitalia: mons pubis, minora and majora labia, Bartholino’s and Skene’s glands, clitoris.
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Macroscopic and microscopic structure of main endocrine glands and their functional interactions; Hormones and their action mechanisms; endocrine and neuroendocrine control.
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland: neuro- and adenohypophysis
Pineal gland
Thyroid and parathyroid gland
Thymus
Adrenal glands
Endocrine function of pancreas, heart and kidney
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Morphological and functional classification of neurons and glial cells
Central nervous system:
Spinal cord: macroscopic and microscopic organization; neuromeres and dermatomes; Grey and white matter organization; Meninges: dura mater, arachnoid and pia mater.
Brain:
Cranial meninges: falx cerebri and cerebelli, tentorium cerebelli, diaphragma sellae
Ventricles system: production and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid; brain-blood barrier
Brainstem: medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain
Cerebellum
Diencephalon
Telencephalon:
Hemispheres, lobes, fissures, sulci, gyri
Grey and white matter distribution
Cerebral cortex: structure, cortical sensory and motor areas, associational areas, integrating centers, higher functions
White matter organization: association, commissural and projection tracts
Basal ganglia: anatomical and functional interaction with cortex and other central nervous system parts
Limbic system
Peripheral nervous system:
Spinal nerves and plexuses; Reflex arces
Cranial nerves: general overview, nomenclature and main functions
Sensory pathways:
posterior columns, spinothalamic and spinocerebellar pathways
Motor pathways:
Somatic nervous system: pyramidal (corticospinal and corticonuclear tracts) and extrapyramidal tracts
Autonomic nervous system:
Sympathetic and parasympathetic division; anatomical organization, preganglionic and postganglionic neurons, peripheral galnglia, neurotransmitters
Sensory organ and tracts overview:
General and special receptors; Olfaction, taste, hearing and balance (inner ear), sight (eye).