2020/2021

2020/2021

DM270

BIO/16 (HUMAN ANATOMY)

DEPARTMENT OF INTERNAL MEDICINE AND THERAPEUTICS

MEDICINE AND SURGERY

PERCORSO COMUNE

1°

1st semester (01/10/2020 - 15/01/2021)

9

72 lesson hours

Italian

WRITTEN TEST

CUSELLA DE ANGELIS MARIA GABRIELLA (titolare) - 3 ECTS
MICHELETTI PIERO - 6 ECTS

For the teaching of Human Anatomy there are no specific prerequisites since the course takes place within the first year, so it starts at the same time as the other basic subjects. In order to optimize learning and the achievement of specific objectives, it is desirable that the student attend the other courses at the same time as the knowledge of all the other subjects of the first year makes the contents of the Human Anatomy teaching more understandable.

The course aims to provide the student with the cognitive and methodological tools necessary for understanding the overall morphology of the different anatomical structures according to a topographic approach, understanding the macroscopic and microscopic structure of the individual systems, understanding the functioning of the various systems, correlating the systems in a general functional scheme, apply the knowledge acquired in the understanding of the main dysfunctions as a result of congenital or acquired alterations of the organ anatomy, through references to clinical anatomy.
In particular, knowledge will be developed relating to the general morphological and topographical organization of the human body, the morphological and topographical organization of the locomotor system and the nervous vascular bundles, of the thorax and of the organs contained. The morphological and functional bases of the peripheral circulatory system, the lymphatic system, the endocrine system will also be provided together with the generalities and functionality of the CNS and the systematics of the PNS that innervates the locomotor system and thoracic organs.

Objectives of interactive teaching
Morpho-functional, topographical, and anatomo-clinical study of the musculoskeletal system. Deepening of the thoracic contents.

Expected learning outcomes
Knowing the organization of human anatomy, knowing the morphology, the location, the relationships, the topography, of the organ, knowing and relating the organ functions also according to the main pathologies.
In particular, the student will have to be able to describe the skeletal and joint components, the muscular structures and the types of movement, as well as the vascular and nervous aspects of their own. Understanding the embryonic basis, the development of and aging. Deepen joint biomechanics and muscle functions; understand, through references to clinical anatomy, the anatomical basis of the symptoms associated with some pathologies and syndromes affecting these systems. The student will have to demonstrate in-depth knowledge on the organization, morphology and topography of the locomotor system and the nerve vascular bundles of the Spinal Column, the Bone Basin and the limbs. The main lymph node stations of the limbs and the generalities and functions of the Central Nervous System (Spinal Cord) in its Voluntary and Autonomous component will also be illustrated.
The systematics of the Peripheral SN (spinal nerves and plexuses) in its distribution to the locomotor and integumentary apparatus of the body (Excluded Skull) will be addressed.

Regarding the thorax, the student must be able to describe the shape, size, position and relationships of the thoracic organs, be able to describe the topographical and structural aspects, make a description of their microscopic anatomy. Furthermore, for each organic and structural component he must know the fundamental aspects of functional anatomy and clinical anatomy.

Anatomy: General. Composition and organization of the human body. Cell, tissue, organ, system levels; size. Anatomical terminology, position, direction, reference planes and body axes, their clinical relevance. Postural examination. Proportions, percentiles and body weight. Growth of the body and its surface, clinical implications. Surface anatomical regions, bone landmarks relating to the limbs, anatomical regions. Body wall. Body cavities: definition and notes on genesis. Phylogeny and ontogenesis of man. Notes on embryonic development: formation of skeletal muscles (somitogenesis), of the neural tube (neuromeres), of the spinal nerve and the concept of dermatome. The skeleton. Development of the skeletal system and its ossification. Bone growth and remodeling; functions of bone tissue. Classification of the bones. Long bone structure; compact and spongy bone. Development and senescence of the locomotor system. Importance of correct posture. Anatomo-functional basis of arthrosis. Osteoporosis. Fracture repair processes. Systematic macroscopic anatomy of the bones that make up the trunk. Biomechanics of the mobile and fixed portion of the Spinal Column. Systematic macroscopic anatomy of the bones that make up the upper limb. Systematic macroscopic anatomy of the bones that make up the lower limb. Joints: Classification, composition and microscopic anatomy. Sesamoid bones, their role. Concept of dislocation. Principles of joint mechanics, levers. Relation between shape, degrees of freedom and amplitude of joint movement. Concepts of movement, loading and unloading. Systematic macroscopic anatomy of joint structures. Skeletal Muscle: Microscopic Anatomy of the Skeletal Muscle. Muscle contraction and its nervous control. Types of muscle fibers, pinnate muscles and parallel fiber muscles. Accessory structures of muscles: Tendons, Muscle bands, Tendon sheaths, Synovial bags. Systematic macroscopic anatomy of the skeletal muscles of the trunk and limbs (shape, location, origin and insertion, prevailing action, synergies and antagonisms). Knowledge of the various joint districts must be focused on the movement deduced from the shape of the joint, limited by the ligaments (intrinsic, extrinsic, at a distance, menisci, cercini etc.) and promoted / hindered by the muscles. Outline of clinical anatomy: abdominal hernias, carpal tunnel, flat foot. Nervous system. The neuron and the properties of nerve cells. Types of neurons. Microscopic anatomy of the nervous tissue. General architecture of the nervous system. Central Nervous System (hints) and Peripheral: definition, functions and distinctive characteristics. Notes on the development of the nervous system. Neural Crest Cells and their derivatives. Origin and composition of the spinal nerve, concept of neuromer, myomer and dermatome. Spinal reflex arc. Renshaw cell. Proprioospinal reflexes. Clinical relevance of spinal limb reflexes. Nerve plexuses: definition and systematic anatomy (plexuses: Brachial, Lumbar, Sacral (excluding pudendal and coccygeal). General information on root lesions: sensory and motor damage. Anatomical basis of the symptomatology of Disc hernias. Autonomous Nervous System. Definition, structure and functions. Role of ANS in Thermoregulation and vasomotility. Integumentary system. Macroscopic and microscopic anatomy and functions. Skin and musculo-skin flaps: clinical relevance. Musculoskeletal and cutaneous vascularization of the upper and lower limbs: Subclavian artery and its branches; Axillary Veins , Cephalic, Basilica, their main tributaries and drainage territories Muscle branches derived from the iliac arteries Scarpa's triangle Femoral artery and its branches Femoral vein, main tributaries and drainage territories Lymph node stations of the limbs.

Topographic Anatomy of the Chest:
Skeletal component of the chest wall
Musculature involved in breathing
Organization and functions of the apparatus
Surface anatomy: landmarks
Breast: parenchyma, ducts, vascularization, lymph nodes, innervation
Chest wall: innervation and vascularization
Respiratory musculature
Upper and lower airways
Nasal cavity
Larynx
Mediastinal intercourse, vascularity, innervation, tracheal and bronchopulmonary tract lymph nodes
Trachea and bronchi
Lungs: parenchyma, bronchial subdivision, alveoli
Pleura, suspensory apparatus and pleural sinuses
Centers of breath and control of the respiratory reflex
Embryology of the heart
Pericardium: vascularization, innervation
Faces and cardiac margins
Muscle structure and organization, fibrous skeleton: morphology and functional characteristics
Morphological, structural and functional properties of the heart chambers
Valve systems: morphology, functional dynamics
Coronary circle e

Frontal teaching with the aid of three-dimensional anatomical models, digital supports for animations and simulations.

Exercises in groups (Prof.ssa Cusella).
In-depth study, with the help of tutors (group exercises) on anatomical models relating to bones, joints and muscles or through personal in-depth study in the Anatomical Room, made available as a "study room". In-depth study of the morpho-functional, topographic, and anatomo-clinical study of the musculoskeletal system and its peripheral vascular and nervous system. In the event of restrictive ordinances due to the covid, or "face-to-face" exercises will be replaced by exercises, provided by Tutors, carried out through Anatomage and / or Primal Pictures.

ADE (8 hours): Digitized Macroscopic Anatomy; Prof. Cusella. Demonstration of commented presentations produced using computerized supports (digital anatomy) allowing to deepen the topographical anatomy of the locomotor systems and the PNS (skull excluded).

Personal study by the student (voluntary attendance in the Anatomical Room) of the morpho-functional, topographical, and anatomo-clinical study of the thorax and its contents.

Recommended texts:

various authors - Prometheus, text - atlas, EDISES, 2019

Werner Platzer, Human Anatomy, Pocket Atlas, Volumes I, II, III. Ambrosiana Publishing House.

Thomas W. Sadler, Langman Medical Embryology, Elsevier Masson.

Further texts: Susan Standring, Gray's Anatomy, EDRA, 2017.

The exam consists of two written tests relating to the program carried out in the two semesters.
1st test (exam sessions January and February)
Multiple choice test consisting of 30 questions with 4 answers for each question, one of which is correct. The time available for delivery is 45 minutes.
This 1st test concerns the topics covered in the 1st semester
The response is evaluated according to the following criterion:
1 point for each correct answer
0 points for each answer not provided or incorrect
The test is passed with an evaluation NOT lower than 18/30.
Those who in the January session, despite having passed the test, believe they need to improve their assessment, will be able to repeat the test in the February session.

2nd test (exams starting from June)
Multiple choice test consisting of 60 questions divided into two parts.
The first part, consisting of 30 questions, will focus on topics from the 1st semester,
the second part, consisting of 30 questions, on topics from the 2nd semester.
All questions have 4 answers, one of which is correct. The time available for delivery is 75 minutes.
The response is evaluated according to the following criterion:
1 point for each correct answer
0 points for each answer not provided or incorrect
The exam is passed with a rating NOT lower than 18/30.

Those who have passed and accepted the assessment of the 1st test held at the end of the first semester, i.e. in one of the January and February sessions, starting from the June session will take the exam only on the contents of the second semester (the 30 questions of Anatomy 2 will cover the topics covered in the 2nd semester.
Those who, on the other hand, have not completed or have not passed or have not accepted the evaluation relating to the first partial test (Anatomy First semester) will take the 2nd test in full.
Those who pass the second part of the questions of the 2nd test, but want to improve the assessment, will be able to repeat the same block of questions in a subsequent session. In this case, the grade obtained in the 1st test remains valid.
Once the evaluations of Anatomy 1 and Anatomy 2 have been accepted, they will contribute to formulating the average of the mark.
For those who will support Anatomy 1 and Anatomy 2 at the same time, the vote will coincide with the average of the two partial on condition that in each partial at least the pass is reached (18/30). Also in this case it is possible to repeat the complete exam in full if you intend to improve your assessment.
Please note that the 1st test is valid until 31 December of the current year, after this period the exam must be taken in full (on the entire program).

In all cases, those who have obtained an evaluation (final average of Anatomy 1 and Anatomy 2) equal to or equal to 18/30 will be able to take an oral exam by requesting it from the President of the Examination Commission.
In this case, the evaluation obtained in the written exam will not be taken into account and the oral exam will focus on the entire program carried out in the two semesters.
The exam program, unless otherwise specified by the teachers, consists of both the topics covered during the course and those not covered in class but mentioned in the program. The lack of a sufficient number of hours to be able to describe the entire human body does NOT authorize the student to omit the study of the topics not covered in class.

The integrated course of Human Anatomy is organized over the two semesters of the first year.

1st semester:
General anatomy; Microscopic anatomy; Anatomy of the musculoskeletal system; Peripheral Nervous System (excluding cranial nerves). Autonomous Nervous System (concepts). Nerve plexuses and their distribution.

Vascular system, lymphatic system, endocrine system, topographic anatomy of the thorax.

2nd semester:
Osteology of the Skull. The neck. Central Nervous System and Cranial Peripheral Nervous System (Cranial Nerves); Skin as a sense organ.
Architecture of the abdominal cavity; Kidneys; Pelvic cavity architecture.