2018/2019

2019/2020

DM270

GEO/06 (MINERALOGY)

DEPARTMENT OF EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

APPLIED GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES

PERCORSO COMUNE

2°

1st semester (01/10/2019 - 15/01/2020)

6

48 lesson hours

Italian

ORAL TEST

TARANTINO SERENA CHIARA (titolare) - 3 ECTS
ZEMA MICHELE - 3 ECTS

Basic knowledge of Mathematics, Chemistry and Physics, as provided by the three-year degree courses in Geological Sciences.

Acquisition of the concepts and tools necessary for the description of crystalline substances and therefore for the understanding of the structural complexity of extended and molecular solids. Ability to analyze and interpret the three-dimensional structure of a crystal, in terms of geometry, symmetry and energy.

The crystalline state. Crystallographic point and space-group symmetry operations. Symmetry elements: geometric elements and element sets. Crystal lattice vs. crystal pattern and crystal structure. Symmetry directions in a lattice .Unit cells: primitive cells, multiple cells, conventional cells in 2D and 3D. Crystal families. Symmetry groups and types of symmetry in direct space: symmetry of lattices; symmetry of the unit cell content; symmetry of crystallographic patterns, Hermann-Mauguin symbols for point groups. Types of crystallographic point groups through the stereographic projection.
Space groups and their description in International Tables for Crystallography, Vol. A. Classification of space groups: Lattice systems and crystal systems. Hermann-Mauguin symbols for space groups. Synoptic tables of plane and space groups.
Introduction to the theory of diffraction. Laue equations and the relationship between diffraction vectors and reciprocal lattice vectors. Bragg condition. Ewald sphere. Atomic scattering factors. Structure factor and electronic density. Friedel's law. Symmetry of the diffraction pattern. The phase problem. Methods for the resolution of crystal structures. Diffraction as Fourier transform of a density function. Structural model and its refinement. Anomalous dispersion and determination of the absolute configuration.
Powder diffraction. Reciprocal lattice associated with a crystalline powder. Genesis of a diffractogram: position, intensity and shape of the peaks. Indexing of a diffraction pattern. Structural refinement: Rietveld method. Size of the crystallites and Scherrer relation. Applications of powder diffraction.

The course consists of lectures, practical exercises aimed at applying the theoretical concepts presented as well as interactive lessons that include the use of crystallographic software and databases.

Materiale e dispense fornite dal docente.

Per le basi di cristallografia:
- C. Hammond, The Basics of Crystallography and Diffraction, Oxford University Press.
- M. Glazer and G. Burns,
Space Groups for Solid State Scientists, Academic Press; 3 edition.

Per i metodi di analisi strutturale di solidi cristallini:
- J.P. Glusker & K.N. Trueblood, Crystal Structure Analysis - A Primer, Oxford University Press.
- M.F.C. Ladd & R.A. Palmer, Structure Determination by X-ray Crystallographym, Plenum Press, New York and London.
- G.H. Stout & L.H. Jensen, X-ray Structure Determination – A Practical Guide, Wiley.

Per lo studio dei solidi molecolari:
-A. Gavezzotti, Molecular aggregation, Oxford University Press.

Per un approfondimento:
- C. Giacovazzo, Fundamentals of Crystallography

Altre Letture
M.A. Glazer, Crystallography: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, 2016.

The exam consists of an oral test. The test will focus on at least three distinct topics. The student will have to demonstrate that she/he has integrated the knowledge acquired in the sections in which the course is articulated, to be able to critically discuss it and thus have achieved the proposed educational objectives. The evaluation will be based on the degree of understanding and depth of the proposed topics and will take into account the capability of using the appropriate scientific language.