1) Be able to describe the pathophysiology of the sinonasal district, pharynx, larynx, external and middle ear; be able to recognize the clinical aspects of chronic and acute inflammations of these anatomical structures: the sinonasal district (e.g. infectious, allergic and idiopathic rhinitis), the pharynx (e.g. pharyngitis and tonsillitis), the larynx (e.g. laryngitis in adults and children), the external and middle ear (e.g. otitis externa, eczema of the ear, furuncle of the ear, acute otitis media, secretory otitis media, simple and cholesteatomatous chronic otitis media).
2) Be able to describe and recognize clinically suspicious lesions of the head and neck (tumors of the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, sinonasal district) and their local - regional metastases. Become familiar with the principles of their management (therapy).
3) Acquire appropriate knowledge of the pathophysiologic basis and diagnostic methods of hearing disorders (conductive and sensorineural hearing loss) and vestibular disorders (e.g. Menière disease, acute vestibular loss, benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, acoustic neuroma).
4) Be able to describe the pathophysiology, clinical aspects and treatment principles of ENT emergencies: epistaxis, dyspnea, tracheobronchial and esophageal foreign bodies, sudden-onset hearing and vestibular loss.
5) Develop an understanding of the fundamental concepts and features of the diagnostic procedures (endoscopy, hearing and vestibular investigations, nasal function examination) and be able to demonstrate competence in the interpretation of their results (*).
6) Facial nerve: anatomy, physiology and clinical aspects of facial nerve disorders
(*) common with audiology
AUDIOLOGY - Student objectives:
1) Acquire appropriate knowledge on the indications to hearing aids, the related current regulations, the
legal obligations ruling industrial audiology and principles of forensic audiology.
2) Develop a general understanding of healthcare audiology in children and adults.
OPHTHALMOLOGY
The aim of the course is to provide the students the essential knowledge of
the anatomy and physiology of the visual system and to guide them through
the clinical approach to the diseases of the eye, ocular adnexa and visual
pathways. The purpose is to give the students the skill to approach a patient
complaining of a visual problem picking up a complete medical history,
checking for the presence of risk factors, interpreting the symtoms reported
and searching the signs of the diseases through an accurate ophthalmic
examination.
At the end, the student, playing the role of a general practitioner, should be
able to make a diagnosis and prescribe a proper treatment or a proper referral
to an opthalmologist when he/she suspects a serious disease.
OROMAXILLO FACIAL SURGERY AND DENTISTRY (BASIC OF ODONTOLOGY)
Topics of the lessons:
1. Introduction with clinical cases (differential diagnosis)
2. Introduction with clinical cases (surgical procedures, malpractice)
3. The early craniofacial emergence and the fetal craniofacial growth and development
4. The newborn face and the postnatal craniofacial growth
5. The adult craniofacial compound and individual performance
6. Facial clefts and craniofacial malformations: classification and etiopathogenesis
7. Facial clefts and craniofacial malformations: a coherent topic
8. The Human Face: an explanation
OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY & AUDIOLOGY: TOPICS OF THE COURSE
NOSE
• Sinonasal anatomy and physiology
• Epistaxis
• Rhinosinusitis
• Complications of the rhinosinusitis
• Juvenile angiofibroma
• Sinonasal benign and malignant tumours
• Nasopharynx tumours
ORAL CAVITY
• Anatomy and physiology of the oral cavity
• Inflammatory diseases of the oral cavity
OROPHARYNX
• Anatomy and physiology of the oropharynx
• Tonsillitis
• Complications of the tonsillitis
• Hyperplasia of the lymphoepithelial organs
• Obstructive sleep-related breathing disorders
HEAD & NECK NEOPLASMS
HYPOPHARYNX/LARYNX
• Anatomy and physiology of the hypopharynx and larynx
• Benign diseases
• Pharyngolaryngeal neurological diseases
SALIVARY GLANDS
• Anatomy and physiology of the salivary glands
• Inflammatory of the salivary glands
• Neoplasms of the salivary glands
NECK
• Anatomy and physiology of the neck
• Laterocervical masses
• Tracheotomy
AUDIOLOGY AND OTOLOGY
• Anatomy and physiology of the hearing and vestibular system
• Audiological semeiotics (otoscopy and otomicroscopy); tinnitus study
• Classification of hearing disorders
• Hearing investigations: pure-tone audiometry, speech audiometry, impedance audiometry, auditory evoked potentials and otoacoustic emissions
• External ear diseases
• Middle ear diseases: acute otitis, chronic otitis and their complications
• Tympanosclerosis and adhesive otitis media. Atelectasis and retraction pockets classification
• Otosclerosis
• Glomus tumors of the temporal bone
• Sudden hearing loss
• Presbyacusis; noise- and toxic-induced hearing disorders
• Central hearing loss
• Hearing rehabilitation: traditional hearing aids, implantable hearing aids, cochlear implants and auditory brain system implants
• Vestibular and otoneurological semeiotics
• Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo and labyrinth lithiasis
• Perilymphatic fistula and superior canal dehiscence syndrome
• Menière disease
• Vestibular neuritis
• Acoustic neuroma
• Facial nerve paralysis
OPHTHALMOLOGY
Programme
Anatomy and Physiology of the Visual System
Complete Ophthalmic Examination
Acute Visual loss
Chronic Visual loss
The Red eye
Amblyopia
The drugs and the eye
Neuro-Ophthalmology
Teaching modality
Eigth lectures of three hours each
OROMAXILLO FACIAL SURGERY AND DENTISTRY (BASIC ODONTOLOGY)
Craniofacial neonatal malformations and orofacial clefts, as well as a variety of postnatal, aftergrowth, and adult orthognathic pathologies, show higher chance for sleep-related breathing
disorders, sleep apnoea syndrome, and related metabolic disorders. Recent studies have
demonstrated that during human individual development, the molecular set up of the craniofacial
myogenesis in the mesodermal head overlaps actively with the expression of both normal and
pathological cardiac markers. Other studies have identified new syndromes characterized by
craniofacial modification, heart arrhythmia and autism, which share the same genetic mutation,
though have different phenotype expressions.
During great environmental changes the evolutionary imprint of specific heterotrophic lineage, a
result of specific metabolic requirements expressed by specific genetic versatility, reached nervous
control and improved life span. In this way, it acquired its most detectable feature, the craniofacial
compound, and its appendix, its endowed body, by taking advantage of a high conserved
segmentation process aimed, basically, to ensure breathing, nutrition, and related individual
homeostasis via epigenome. In human species the result is of a head and face with an expanded
physical mass that is an evolutionary multifunctional extension of vitality, which starts to express
his survival evolved performance when the fetal-like respiratory rhythm and swallow, are activated
in the embryo close to the zero point of the craniofacial growth
Program:
NORMAL AND PATHOLOGICAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
ORTHOGNATHIC SURGERY
TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT DISEASE
MAXILLOFACIAL INFECTIONS
DENTOALVEOLAR SURGERY
MAXILLOFACIAL TRAUMA
MAXILLOFACIAL PATHOLOGY
MAXILLOFACIAL RECONSTRUCTION
CLEFT LIP AND PALATE
L) NEONATAL CRANIOFACIAL MALFORMATIONS
M) BASIC ODONTOLOGY: Dental and Parodontal diseases, Oral Prevention
Lectures
Books:
Ear, Nose and Throat Diseases with Head and Neck Surgery – Hans Behrbohm, Oliver Kaschke, Tadeus Nawka, Andrew Swift – Thieme, 3rd Edition, 2009
Textbooks of reference OPHTHALMOLOGY
Synopsis of Clinical Ophthalmology (3rd Ed) Jack J. Kanski, Brad Bowling
Basic Ophthalmology (9th Ed) American Academy of Ophthalmology
The Sensory System Disease course ends with an oral examination and has been shared into 3 different units:
Unit A: Otorhinolaryngology and Audiology;
Unit B: Ophthalmology;
Unit C: Maxillofacial Surgery Dentistry.
The student will be submitted to an oral exam for Otorhinolaryngology- Audiology and Ophthalmology and a written exam for Maxillofacial Surgery-Dentistry.
The Sensory System Diseases course is an integrated course including three modules:
- Ophthalmology 3 CFU
- Otorhinolaryngology- Audiology 3 CFU
- Maxillofacial Surgery-Dentistry 2 CFU
In order to see the final grade in the personal area, students will have to sit every module.
Each unit’s exam may be taken simultaneously or at different times; anyway, all the tests must be accomplished within two close sessions.
Then Professors will proceed to the registration for the whole integrated course and students will get 8 CFU.
Generally, the examination timetable foresees a winter session (made up of 2 terms: January and February), a summer session (made up of 2 terms: June and July) and an autumn deferred session (September session). The examination timetable is established according to some specific temporal criteria, planning terms close to each other but also avoiding any possible overlapping, in order to facilitate the achievement of all the three units in one single term. In case of failure, the student may possibly repeat the test in the next term of the same session, at complete discretion of the Professor.
Concerning the registering the students have to enroll directly on their personal area only after having taken all the exams of the Sensory System Diseases course.
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